![]() This single distinction level of water impairment in Indiana limits the discrimination of the level of potential health risks associated with varying fecal coliform concentrations. states set safety standards for acceptable levels of fecal coliform in waterways, with those exceeding standardized levels labeled as “impaired waterways.” Indiana, for example, has a single impairment level, whereas the neighboring state of Ohio distinguishes multiple water categories according to their usage (EPA, 2003). Fecal bacteria contamination is not just a problem in developing countries but can be found in developed countries such as the USA (McLellan & Eren, 2014) although with a lesser impact on human health because untreated urban stream water is not often used for drinking purposes. ![]() coli strain O157 may be fatal or cause health issues such as diarrhea, vomiting, and high fever (Griffin et al., 1991 Law, 2000 Rangel et al., 2005). coli are harmless, the ingestion of the pathogenic E. coli in any natural water body is a cheap and efficient way of determining the contact health risks associated with harmful pathogens that may be present and helps to define suitable remediation strategies. coli) is a type of fecal coliform bacteria that is used as an indicator microorganism to estimate the risk associated with other more harmful fecal pathogens such as Salmonella, Giardia, norovirus, Campylobacter, and Cryptosporidium (Eregno et al., 2016) that can cause viral and bacterial gastroenteritis and upper respiratory infections, among other illnesses (Haile et al., 1999 Kim et al., 2019). This increase of fecal pollution in the environment poses serious health risks to humans and other animals (Paul et al., 2001 Tran et al., 2015 Seo et al., 2016 Karthe et al., 2017).Įscherichia coli ( E. An increase in the number and density of urban populations coupled with increased impervious surface area and an increase in storm runoff intensity have caused CSO systems to release sewage-lined runoff into waterways at frequencies that now far exceed the rules of the EPA Clean Water Act. The cause of bacterial pollution in most cities is due to poorly designed or overwhelmed stormwater and sewer systems (Langergraber and Muellegger, 2005) which poses serious human health risks (Tran et al., 2015). The results from this study help us to better understand how different drivers influence fecal coliform growth and how this information can be potentially used to predict and remediate the conditions of urban water streams. At the same time, large hydrologic events act to flush and dilute fecal coliform concentrations. These findings suggest a push-pull balance within the system where CSO activation and seasonal gradients replenish and promote fecal coliform growth. The most significant predictors of decreased fecal coliform were maximum precipitation during the ten-day window prior to sampling and median discharge during a three-day window prior to sampling. The most significant predictors of increased fecal coliform concentrations were precipitation on the sampling day and cumulative degree days. ![]() ![]() We found no relationship between fecal coliform levels and the number or density of CSO outfalls above a given site. All PRW and FC sampling sites significantly exceeded the EPA contact standard limit of 200 CFU/100 mL for fecal coliform concentrations during the sampling period. The sampling occurred biweekly over one year for PRW, nine months for FC, and an intense (∼every three days) sub-analysis of the presumed peak period of fecal coliform growth (July) for WR. The waterways are Pleasant Run Creek (PRW), Fall Creek (FC) and White River (WR). ![]() The aim of the study is to examine fecal coliform concentration, water chemistry, and water quality parameters to better understand spatio-temporal patterns of fecal coliform associated with CSO events in three waterways from Indianapolis, Indiana (USA). The input of effluent waste from CSO to urban water streams during storm events often leads to elevated fecal coliform, specifically Escherichia Coli (E. Many urban waterways with older stormwater drainage systems receive a significant amount of untreated or poorly treated waste from Combined Sewer Outflow (CSO) systems during precipitation events. ![]()
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